عصاره‌گیری پی در پی پتاسیم غیرتبادلی و رابطه آن با ویژگی‌های خاک، کانی شناسی و طبقه‌بندی خاک در برخی خاک‌های آهکی استان فارس

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری بخش علوم خاک دانشگاه شیراز

2 استاد بخش علوم خاک دانشگاه شیراز

چکیده

مطالعه رهاسازی پتاسیم غیر تبادلی، در جهت مدیریت و استفاده صحیح از منابع خاکی و همچنین درتعیین فراهمی و قدرت تأمین پتاسیم به ویژه در خاک‌های حاوی کانی‌های پتاسیم، از اهمیت فوق العاده‌ای برخوردار است. اطلاعات درباره سرعت آزاد شدن پتاسیم غیر تبادلی در خاک‌های آهکی استان فارس محدود است هدف این پژوهش کاربرد معادلات سینتیکی در بررسی سرعت آزاد شدن پتاسیم غیر تبادلی در تعدادی از خاک‌های استان فارس به وسیله عصاره‌گیری متوالی با استفاده از اسید اگزالیک یکصدم مولار و بررسی رابطه سرعت آزادسازی پتاسیم غیر تبادلی با خصوصیات خاک و کانی شناسی خاک بود. نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد که آزاد شدن پتاسیم غیر تبادلی در ابتدا سریع بوده و سپس کند می‌شود. مقدار پتاسیم غیرتبادلی آزاد شده در پایان آزمایش در دامنه‌ی 91تا 233 (میانگین 3/144) میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم بود. پتاسیم غیر تبادلی آزاد شده به روش اگزالیک اسید پس از 1200ساعت با گنجایش تبادل کاتیونی، پتاسیم غیر تبادلی و درصد کربنات کلسیم معادل هم بستگی معنی‌داری داشت. با توجه به بالا بودن ضرایب تشخیص و کم بودن خطای استاندارد برآورد، سرعت آزاد شدن پتاسیم غیر تبادلی به وسیله معادلات ایلوویچ، تابع توانی و مرتبه اول تشریح شد. بیشترین آزادسازی پتاسیم در خاک‌های ورتی‌سولز رخ داد که علت اصلی آن احتمالاً وجود مقادیر زیادتر رس و کانی اسمکتیت و میکا می‌باشد. به‌طور کلی آزادسازی پتاسیم از خاک‌ها بر‌اساس تکامل آنها روند ورتی سولز>آلفی‌سولز> اینسپتی‌سولز> انتی سولز>اریدی سولز را نشان داد. همچنین نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد که ضرایب سرعت در معادلات  مورد استفاده با تعدادی از خصوصیات شیمیایی خاک و درصد اجزای خاک هم بستگی معنی‌داری داشت. نتایج این تحقیق هم‌چنین نشان داد که اگزالیک اسید می‌تواند در بررسی سرعت آزاد شدن پتاسیم غیر تبادلی استفاده شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Sequential Extraction of Non-Exchangeable Potassium and Its Relationship with Soil Properties, Mineralogy and Soil Taxonomy in Some Calcareous Soils of Fars Province

نویسندگان [English]

  • A. Azadi 1
  • M. Baghernejad 2
  • N. Karimian 2
  • A. Abtahi 2
چکیده [English]

Study on release rate of nonexchangeable potassium (NEK) is necessary for management and optimum use of soil resources and determination of availability and supplying power of potassium in soils containing potassium minerals. Information about NEK release rate in Fars Province calcareous soils is limited. The objective of this study included an investigation of the dynamics of NEK in some soils from Fars Province by successive extraction with 0.01M Oxalic acid and determination of the relation between kinetics of NEK release with soil properties and clay mineralogy. The results of this experiment showed that the initial NEK release rate was rapid, but slowed down later on. Results showed that cumulative K release ranged from 91 to 233 mg kg-1(average 144.3 mg kg-1). The amount of NEK released after 1028 h was significantly correlated with CEC, NEK, and CCE.  Elovich, power function and First order equations described well the NEK release kinetics based on their highest determination coefficient and their lowest value of the standard error of the estimate. Maximum of potassium release was observed in Vertisols, probably because of high amount of clay content and the clay mineral of smectite and mica. Also, the amount of K release was in the following order: Vertisols>Alfisols> Inceptisols> Entisols>Aridisols. In the correlation test, the rate constants in the kinetic equations were correlated with some chemical properties and particle size distribution. 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Elovich function
  • Release rate of potassium
  • Oxalic acid
  • Vertisols
  1. Borchardt, G. 1989. Smectites. P 75-718, In: Dixon, J.B. and Weed, S.B. (eds.), Minerals in Soil Environments, Second edition. SSSA Book Ser., Vol. 1. SSSA, Madison, WI.
  2. Cox, A. E., and C. Joern. 1997. Release kinetics of non-exchangeable potassium in soils using sodium tetraphenilboron. J. Soil Sci. 162: 588-598.
  3. Dhillon, S.K., and S .Dhillon. 1991. Kinetics of release of nonexchangeable potassium by cation saturated resins from red (Alfisols), Black (Vertisols) and Alluvial (Inceptisols) soils of India. Geoderma, 47: 283–300.
  4. Dhillon, S.K., and S .Dhillon. 1992. Kinetics of release of potassium by sodium tetraphenylboron from some top soil samples red (Alfisol), black (Vertisol), and alluvial (Inceptisols and Entisol) soils of Indian. Fertil. Res. 32: 135–138.
  5. Farshadirad, A ., E. Dordipour , F. Khormali . 2012. Kinetics of Non-Exchangeable Potassium Release from Soil and its Components in Some Soils of Golestan Province. JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology. 16 (59) :273-285
  6. Gee, G. W., and W. Bauder. 1986. Particle of size analysis, hydrometer method. p. 404-408. In A. Klute et al. (ed.) Methods of Soil Analysis, Part I, Am. Soc. Agron., Madison, WI.
  7. Goulding, K.W.T. 1984. The availability of Potassium in soil to crops as measured by its release to a calcium saturated cation exchange resin. J. Agric. Sci. Camb. 103: 256-27.
  8. Havlin, J. L., D. J .Westfal., and S. R .Olsen. 1985. Mathematical models for potassium release kinetics in calcareous soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 49: 371-376.
  9. Helmke, P. A., and L .Sparks. 1996. Lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, and cesium. p. 551-574. In D. L. Sparks et al. (ed.) Method of Soil Analysis. Part III. 3rd Ed. Am. Soc. Agron., Madison, WI.
  10. Hosseinpour, A. R., and . M .Kavusi .2004. Kinetics of Release Rate of  Nonexchangeable K along with Plant Responses in Some Soils of Gilan Province. Iranian, J. Agric. Sci. 35(2):347-355.
  11. Hosseinpur, A. R. and, A. A .Safari Sinegani. 2007. Soil Potassium-Release Characteristics and the Correlation of its Parameters with Garlic Plant Indices. Communications in Soli Sci., and Plant Anal. 38: 107-118.
  12. Jackson, M. L. 1975. Soil Chemical Analysis–advanced course. Univ. of Wisconsin, College of Agric., Dept. of Soil Sci., Madison, WI.
  13. Jalali, M., and Z .Kolahchi. 2004. Kinetics of non-exchangeable potassium release in selected soils of Hamadan Province. 8th Iran Soil Conference. Gilan University.
  14. Jalali, M. 2006. Kinetics of non-exchangeable potassium release and availability in some calcareous soils of western Iran. Geoderma 135: 63 – 71.
  15. Jalali, M. 2007. Spatial variability in potassium release among calcareous soils of western Iran. Geoderma. 140: 42-51.
  16. Khormali, F., and A .Abtahi. 2003. Origin and distribution of clay minerals in calcareous arid and semiarid soils of Fars Province, Southern Iran. Clay Miner, 38: 511-527.
  17. Kittrick, J. A., and Hope, E. W. 1963. A procedure for the particle size separation of soil for X-ray diffraction analysis. Soil Sci. 96: 312-325.
  18. Loppert, R. H., and L .Suarez. 1996. Carbonate and gypsum. p. 437-474. In D. L. Sparks et al. (ed.) Method of Soil Analysis. Part III. 3rd Ed. Am. Soc. Agron., Madison, WI.
  19. Martin, H. W., and L .Sparks. 1985. on the behavior of non-exchangeable potassium in soils. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal 16: 133-162.
  20. Mehra, O.P., and M.L .Jackson. 1960. Iron oxide removal from soils and clays by a dithionate citrate system with sodium bicarbonate. Clay Miner. 7: 317-327.
  21. Mengel, K., Rahmtullah., and H .Dou. 1998. Release of potassium from the silt and sand fraction of loess-drived soils. Soil Sci. 163: 805-813.
  22. Nelson, D. W., and E .Sommers. 1996. Total carbon, organic carbon and organic matter. P. 961-1010. In D. L. Sparks et al. (ed.) Methods of Soil Analysis, Part III, 3rd Ed., Am. Soc. Agron., Madison, WI.
  23. Owliaie, H., S .Heydarmah., E. Adhami., and M .Najafi Ghiri. Kinetics of Nonexchangeable Potassium Release in Relation to Clay Mineralogy in Some Calcareous Soils of Kohgilouye Province. JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology. 2014; 18 (68) :99-110
  24. Pratt, P. F. 1965. Potassium. 1022–1030. In: C. A. Black. Methods of Soil Analysis, part 2. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI.
  25. Rhoades, J. D. 1996. Salinity: Electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids. P. 417-436. In D. L. Sparks et al. (ed.) Methods of Soil Analysis, Part III, 3rd Ed., Am. Soc. Agron., Madison, WI.
  26. Song, S.K., and M .Huang. 1988.Dynamic of potassium release from potassium-bearing minerals as influenced by oxalic and citric acids. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 52: 383-390.
  27. Sparks, D.L. 1987. Potassium dynamics in soils. Advances in Soil Science 6: 1- 63.
  28. Sparks, D.L. 1999. Kinetics and mechanism of chemical reactions at the soil mineral/water interface, In: Sparks, D.L. (ed.), Soil Physical Chemistry, 2nd ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fl. pp. 135–191.
  29. Srinivasarao, C., A. Subba Rao., and N .Ganeshamurthy. 1995. Status and desorption kinetics of potassium in some Swell- Shrink soils. J. Ind. Soc. Soil Sci. 43: 356-360.
  30. Srinivasarao, C., A .Swarup., A .Subba Rao., and V .Raja Gopal. 1999. Kinetics of non-exchangeable potassium release from a Tropauepts as influenced by long-term cropping, fertilization, and manuring. Aust. J. Soil Res. 37: 317- 328
  31. Srinivasarao, C., A .Subba Rao., and R .Rupa.  2000. Plant mobilization of soil reserve potassium from fifteen smectitic soils in relation to soil test potassium and mineralogy. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 165:7. 578-586.
  32. Sumner, M. E., and W. P .Miller. 1996. Cation exchange capacity and exchange coefficients. P. 1201-1229. In D. L. Sparks et al. (ed.) Methods of Soil Analysis Part III, 3rd Ed., Am. Soc. Agron., Madison, WI.
  33. Thomas, G. W. 1996. Soil pH and soil acidity. P. 475-490. In D. L. Sparks et al. (ed.) Methods of Soil Analysis, Part III, 3rd Ed., Am. Soc. Agron., Madison, WI.
  34. Tu, S. X., Z. F .Guo., and H .Sun. 2007. Effect of oxalic acid on potassium release from typical Chinese soils and  minerals. Pedosphere 17: 1-10.

Zarabi M. M.,. M .Jalali.,  and   Sh .Mahdavi hajilouei. Kinetics of Nonexchangeable Potassium Release through   Malic acid and  supplying power of some soils of Hamadan Province. journal of agriculture Science.2007:37 (6):951-964.