تغییرات خاک‌های پیرامون دریاچه ارومیه: ویژگی‌های فیزیکوشیمیایی و کانی‌شناسی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

10.22092/ijsr.2015.106322

چکیده

تغییرات ویژگی­های فیزیکوشیمیایی و کانی­شناسی خاک­های مجاور دریاچه اورمیه در دو گروه اراضی متأثر و غیرمتأثر از دریاچه در منطقه دیزج­دول مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. تجزیه واریانس خصوصیات فیزیکوشیمیایی خاک­ها نشان داد که مقدار OC و CEC خاک­های دو ردیف اراضی در سطح احتمال 1% و مقادیر EC، SAR،ESp و سدیم تبادلی آنها در سطح احتمال 1/0%تفاوت معنی­داری داشتند، ولی  تفاوت عمق خاک و مقدار رس آن معنی­دار نشد. مطالعات کانی­شناسی حضور کانی­های اسمکتایت، ایلایت، کائولینایت، کلرایت و ورمی­کولایت را در خاک­های هر دو ردیف اراضی نشان داد. منشا ایلایت، کلرایت، کائولینایت توارث از مواد مادری و منشا اسمکتایت و ورمی­کولایت پدوژنیک بوده و از تغییرشکل ایلایت حاصل شده­اند. در خاکرخ­های واقع در اراضی متأثر از دریاچه، نوتشکیلی عامل اصلی تشکیل اسمکتایت می­باشد. مقایسه کانی­شناسی رس خاک­های دو ردیف اراضی نشان داد که پیشروی دریاچه اورمیه طی سال­های 1376-1375سبب حضور مقادیر خیلی بیشتر اسمکتایت و حضور ورمی­کولایت با هیدروکسی بین­لایه­ای (HIV) در خاک­های متأثر از دریاچه گردیده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Changes in Soils Around Urmia Lake: Physicochemical and Mineralogical Properties

چکیده [English]

Differences in physicochemical and mineralogical properties of soils close to Urmia Lake in two groups of soils (affected and unaffected by Urmia Lake), were studied in Dizaj-Dol region. Variance analysis of physicochemical properties of these soils showed that the values of OC and CEC in these two groups of soils were significantly different (P ≤ 0.1), and the values of EC, SAR, ESP and exchangeable Na of these soils were highly significantly different (P ≤ 0.01). However, soil depth and clay content in these two groups of soils were not significantly different. Clay mineralogical studies showed the presence of smectites, illites, kaolinites, chlorites and vermiculites in both groups of soils. Illites, chlorites and kaolinites are inherited from parent material, while smectites and vermiculites have pedogenic origin and have been formed via transformation of illite. In the soils which have been affected by Urmia Lake, neoformation from soil solution is the main origin of smectites. Comparision of clay minerals in the two groups of soils showed that the rising level of Urmia Lake during 1994-1995 caused the presence of high amounts of smectite and some hydroxy interlayer vermiculite in the soils affected by Urmia Lake.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Clay minerals
  • Neoformation
  • Smectites
  • Illites

مراجع

  1. Abtahi, A., 1977. Effect of a saline and alkaline ground water on soil genesis in semi-arid southern Iran. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 41: 583-588.
  2. Alipour, S., 2011. The atlas of Urmia Lake National Park. Department of environment, Wesat Azerbaijan Provincial Office of DOE. Urmia, Iran. 100 Pp.
  3. Aznar J. M., R. M. Poch and D. Badía. 2013. Soil catena along gypseous woodland in the middle Ebro Basin: soil properties and micromorphology relationships. SJSS. Spanish Journal of Soil Science. 3 (1): 28-44.
  4. Badia, D., Marti, C., Palacio, E., Sancho, C. and Poch, R. 2009. Soil evolution over the Quaternary period in a semiarid climate (Segre river terraces, northeast Spain). Catena. 77: 165-174.
  5. Behalry, A. K. A., 1980. Clay and carbonate mineralogy of the reef sediments north of Jeddah, west coast of Saudi Arabia Bull. Fac. Sci., K .A. V., Jeddah, 1980.4.265-279.
  6. Bisccay, P. E., 1965. Mineralogy and sedimentation of recent deep- sea clay in Atlantic Ocean and adjacent seas and oceans. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 76: 803-831.
  7. Borchardt, G. 1989. Smectites. In: Dixon, J. B., S. B. Weed, (eds.), 1989. Minerals in soil environment. 2nd ed. Number I in the SSSA book series. Published by SSSA. Madison. Wisconsin. USA.
  8. Chakherloo1, S., Sh. Manafi and A. Heidari. 2014 (a). Ggenesis and micromorphological properties of some saline-sodic soils of the west of Urmia Lake. Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production. Vol. 4(3): 87-111.
  9. Chakherloo1, S., Sh. Manafi and A. Heidari. 2014 (b). The comparison of micromorphological properties of Saline – Sodic and Nonsaline-Nonsodic soils around the Urmia Lake. Journal of Water and Soil. Vol. 28, No. 5. p. 1011-1024.
  10. Deer, W.A.Howie, R A, and Zussman, J. 1971. Rock forming minerals, sheet silicates.Vol:3, Longman Publication.270 p.
  11. Dixon, J. B., and S. B. Weed. 1989. Minerals in Soil environment. USA, Wisconsin, Madison, Soil Science Society of America. Pp: 1264.
  12. Furquim, S. A. C., R. C. Graham, L. Barbiero, J. P. Queiroz Neto, P. Vaddal-Torrado, 2010. Soil mineral genesis and distribution in a saline landscape of the Patanal Wetland, Brazil. Geoderma. 154: 518-528.
  13. Gupta, G. C., and W. U. Malik. 1969. Chloritization of montmorilonite by its corporation with Magnesium Hydroxide. Clays and Clay Minerals. Vol. 17, pp. 331-338.
  14. Hepper, E. N., D. E. Buschiazzo, G. G. Hevia, A. Urioste, and L. Anton. 2006. Clay mineralogy, cation exchange capacity and specific surface area of loess soils with different volcanic ash contents. Geoderma. 135: 216-223.
  15. Hojati, S., H. Khademi, A. F. Cano. 2010. Palygorskite formation under the influence of groundwater in central Iranian soils. Anadolu J. Agric. Sci. 25(S-1):34-41.
  16. Honty, M., P. Uhli´k, V. Sˇ Ucha, M. Cˇ Aplovicˇ Ova´, J. Francu, N. Clauer, A. Biron.2004. Smectite to illite alteration in salt-bearing bentonites (the East Slovak Basin). Clays and Clay Minerals. 52 (5): 533–
  17. Jeong, S. W., Locat, and S. Leroueil. 2012. The effects of salinity and shear history on the rheological characteristics of Illite-reach and Na-Montmorilonite-rich clays. Clays and Clay Minerals, 60(2): 108–120.
  18. Jiménez-Millán, J., N. Velilla, and M. Vázquez. 2007. Chloritization of biotite in slates from the Santa Elena shear zone (Southern Iberian Massif, SE Spain) promoted by deformation and fluid circulation. Diagenesis and low-temperature metamorphism. Theory, methods and regional aspects.
  19. Kadhum, M. A. A. 2009. Geochemistry and mineralogy of palygorskite rich clays in grecus formation in Dohuk governorate, north of Iraq. Iraqi Bulletin of Geology and Mining. Vol.5, No.2, 2009.
  20. Kaewmano Ch., I. Kheoruenromne, A. Suddhiprakarn, and R. J. Gilkes. 2010. Chemistry and clay mineralogy of Thai Natraqualfs. 2010. 19th World Congress of Soil Science, Soil Solutions for a Changing World. 1 – 6 August 2010, Brisbane, Australia.
  21. Kaveh, Athar, E. Pazira, M. H. Masihabadi, M. E. Kaveh. 2011. Desalinization of saline- sodic soils via leaching. Iranian Journal of Plant Physiology. 1 (4): 271-274.
  22. Khademi, H., and A. R. Mermut. 1998. Source of polygorskite in gypsiferous Aridisols and associated smectites from central Iran. Clay Miner. 33: 561-575.
  23. Khormali F., H. Tazikeh. 2010. Evaluation of clay minerals in saline-sodic soils as influenced by topography and ground water table in northern Atrak watershed. Journal of water and soil conservation. 17(2); 107-123.
  24. Khormali, F., and A. Abtahi. 2001. Soil genesis and mineralogy of three selected regions of Fars, Bushehr and Khuzestan provinces of Iran, formed under highly calcareous conditions. Iran Agric. Res. 20: 67-82.
  25. Khresat, S. A., and E. A. Qudah. 2006. Formation and properties of aridic soils of Azraq Basin in northeastern Jordan. Journal of arid environments. 64: 116-136.
  26. Kittric, J. A., and E. W. Hope. 1971. A procedure of particle size separation of soil for X-Ray diffraction. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 35:621-626.
  27. Laurence, Q., Anatja, S., Bertrand, L. and Sophie, C. 2011. Lessivage as a major process of soil formation: A revisitation of existing data. Geoderma. 167: 135-147.
  28. Mahjory, R. A. 1975. Clay mineralogy, physical and chemical properties of some soils in arid regions of Iran. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 39: 1157-1146.
  29. Mahjory, R. A. 1979. The nature and genesis of some salt affected soils in Iran. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 43: 1019-1024.
  30. Manafi, Sh. 2010. Mineralogical Evidence of Climate Change in some Semiarid Soils of Southern Urmia, Iran. Soil Science Agrochemistry and Ecology. 4:17-24.
  31. Manafi, Sh. and Sh. Mahmodi. 2006. The effect of toposequence on physicochemical properties and classification of soils in Jolbar region of Urmia-Iran. In: Yazar, A., B. Gencel, and S. Tekin. (Eds.). Keynote papers and Abstract book of international symposium on: Water and land management for sustainable irrigated agriculture. Cukurova University of Adana, Adana. Turkey. April 4-8, 2006.
  32. Mehra, O. P., and M. L. Jackson. 1960. Iron oxide removal from soils and clays by a dithionite citrate system with sodium bicarbonate. Clays. Clay Miner. 7: 317-327.
  33. Naghizadeh, R., 2004. Geological map of Oshnaviyeh, 1:100000 series. Sheet no. 5065. Geological survey mineral exploration organization. Tehran. Iran.
  34. Patchineelam, S. M., J. A. Baptista Neto. 2007. Spatial distribution of clay minerals in Guanabara Bay sediments and its relationship with the estuary hydrodynamics. Geochimica Brasiliensis. 21(1) 001 - 008.
  35. Phillips, J. D. 2007. Development of texture contrast soils by a combination ofbioturbation and translocation. Catena. 70: 92–104.
  36. Smykatz-Kloss W., R. D .Priyadarsi. 2010. Evaporate mineralogy and major element geochemistry as tools for palaeoclimatic investigations in arid regions: A synthesis. Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana. Volumen 62, núm. 3, 2010, p. 379-390.
  37. Soil and water research institute of Iran. 1989. Land capability map of Western Azerbaijan in 1:250000 scale. Sheet no. II. Soil and water research institute of Iran. Tehran. Iran.
  38. Soil Survey Staff. 2012. Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils. National Soil Survey Center. Natural Resources Conservation Service. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Version 3.0
  39. Soil Survey Staff. 2014. Keys to Soil Taxonomy. 12th ed. USDA. SCS. Agric. Washington. D. C.
  40. Srivastava P., Kumar Singh A., Parkash B., Singh A. K., Rajak M. K. 2007. Paleoclimatic implications of micromorphic features of Quaternary paleosols of NW Himalayas and polygenetic soils of the Gangetic Plains - A comparative study. Catena. 70: 169–184.
  41. Ufnar, D. F., 2007. Clay coatings from a modern soil chronosequence: A tool for estimating the relative age of well drained paleosols. Geoderma. Vol. 141: 181-200.
  42. USDA, NRCS, 2004. Soil survey laboratory methods manual. Soil survey investigation report no. 42.
  43. West Azerbaijan Provincial Office of DOE, 2009. The evaluation of salt storage and exploration of salts from Urmia Lake National Park. Department Of Environment, West Azerbaijan Provincial Office of DOE. Urmia, Iran. 154 Pp.
پژوهش های خاک
دوره 30، شماره 1
خرداد 1395
صفحه 81-94

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار